
Source: www.visiblelearningplus.com/content/250-influences-student-achievement (Retrieved 1 November 2017 / PDF)
| RANK | INFLUENCE | EFFECT SIZE COHEN'S d | DOMAIN | SUBDOMAIN |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Teacher estimates of achievement | 1.62 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 2 | Collective teacher efficacy | 1.57 | School | Leadership |
| 3 | Self-reported grades | 1.33 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 4 | Cognitive task analysis | 1.29 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 5 | Response to intervention | 1.29 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Feedback |
| 6 | Piagetian programs | 1.28 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 7 | Jigsaw method | 1.2 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 8 | Conceptual change programs | 0.99 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 9 | Prior ability | 0.94 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 10 | Strategy to integrate with prior knowledge | 0.93 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 11 | Self-efficacy | 0.92 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 12 | Teacher credibility | 0.9 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 13 | Micro teaching | 0.88 | Teacher | Teacher education |
| 14 | Transfer Strategies | 0.86 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 15 | Seeking help from peers | 0.83 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 16 | Classroom discussion | 0.82 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Feedback |
| 17 | Scaffolding | 0.82 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 18 | Deliberate practice | 0.79 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 19 | Summarization | 0.79 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 20 | Effort | 0.77 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 21 | Interventions for learning disabled students | 0.77 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations that emphasize school-wide teaching strategies |
| 22 | Mnemonics | 0.76 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 23 | Planning and prediction | 0.76 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 24 | Repeated Reading programs | 0.75 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 25 | Teacher clarity | 0.75 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 26 | Elaboration and Organisation | 0.75 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 27 | Evaluation and reflection | 0.75 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 28 | Reciprocal teaching | 0.74 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 29 | Rehearsal and memorization | 0.73 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 30 | Comprehensive instructional | 0.72 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 31 | Phonics instruction | 0.7 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 32 | Feedback | 0.7 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Feedback |
| 33 | Deep motivation and approach | 0.69 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 34 | Field independence | 0.68 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 35 | Acceleration | 0.68 | Classroom | School curricula for gifted students |
| 36 | Goals | 0.68 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 37 | Problem solving teaching | 0.68 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 38 | Outlining and transforming | 0.66 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 39 | Concept mapping | 0.64 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 40 | Vocabulary programs | 0.62 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 41 | Creativity programs | 0.62 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 42 | Classroom behavioral | 0.62 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 43 | Setting standards for self judgement | 0.62 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 44 | Teachers not labeling students | 0.61 | Teacher | Teacher student interactions |
| 45 | Prior - high school to university | 0.6 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 46 | Meta-cognitive strategies | 0.6 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 47 | Help seeking | 0.6 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 48 | Spaced vs, Mass Practice | 0.6 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 49 | Direct Instruction | 0.6 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 50 | Mathematics | 0.59 | Curricula | Math and Sciences |
| 51 | Goal difficulty | 0.59 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 52 | Spelling programs | 0.58 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 53 | Tactile stimulation programs | 0.58 | Curricula | Play Programs |
| 54 | Strategy monitoring | 0.58 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 55 | Service learning | 0.58 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using out of school learning |
| 56 | Working memory | 0.57 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 57 | Pre-term birth weight | 0.57 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 58 | Mastery learning | 0.57 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Success Criteria |
| 59 | Teaching strategies | 0.57 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 60 | Technology with learning needs students | 0.57 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 61 | Concentration/Persistence/Engagement | 0.56 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 62 | Pre school with at risk students | 0.56 | School | Pre-school experiences |
| 63 | Prior achievement | 0.55 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 64 | Visual-Perception programs | 0.55 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 65 | Self-verbalization and Self-questioning | 0.55 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 66 | Cooperative vs. individualistic learning | 0.55 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 67 | Technology in other subjects | 0.55 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 68 | Practice testing | 0.54 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 69 | Interactive video methods | 0.54 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 70 | Second/Third chance programs | 0.53 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 71 | Enrichment | 0.53 | Classroom | School curricula for gifted students |
| 72 | Peer influences | 0.53 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 73 | Peer tutoring | 0.53 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student perspectives in learning |
| 74 | Cooperative vs. competitive learning | 0.53 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 75 | Home environment | 0.52 | Home | Family dynamics |
| 76 | Socioeconomic status | 0.52 | Home | Family resources |
| 77 | Teacher-Student relationships | 0.52 | Teacher | Teacher student interactions |
| 78 | Self-regulation strategies | 0.52 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 79 | Record keeping | 0.52 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 80 | Parental Involvement | 0.5 | Home | Family dynamics |
| 81 | Student rating of quality of teaching | 0.5 | Teacher | Teacher student interactions |
| 82 | Note taking | 0.5 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 83 | Underlining and Highlighting | 0.5 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 84 | Time on Task | 0.49 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 85 | Science | 0.48 | Curricula | Math and Sciences |
| 86 | School effects | 0.48 | School | Other school effects |
| 87 | Goal intentions | 0.48 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 88 | Providing formative evaluation | 0.48 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Feedback |
| 89 | Questioning | 0.48 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Feedback |
| 90 | Intelligent tutoring systems | 0.48 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 91 | Comprehension programs | 0.47 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 92 | Integrated Curricula programs | 0.47 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 93 | Small group learning | 0.47 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 94 | Computer assisted instruction | 0.47 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 95 | Task value | 0.46 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 96 | Study skills | 0.46 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 97 | Relative age within a class | 0.45 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 98 | Writing programs | 0.45 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 99 | Imagery | 0.45 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 100 | Achieving motivation and approach | 0.44 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 101 | Early Intervention | 0.44 | School | Pre-school experiences |
| 102 | Classroom cohesion | 0.44 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 103 | Inductive teaching | 0.44 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 104 | Technology with elementary students | 0.44 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 105 | Exposure to reading | 0.43 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 106 | Outdoor/ Adventure programs | 0.43 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 107 | School size | 0.43 | School | School compositional effects |
| 108 | Teacher expectations | 0.43 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 109 | Philosophy in schools | 0.43 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 110 | Teaching communication skills and strategies | 0.43 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 111 | Motivation | 0.42 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 112 | Reducing anxiety | 0.42 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 113 | Elaborative-Interrogation | 0.42 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student meta-cognitive/self-regulated learning |
| 114 | Behavioral organizers/Adjunct questions | 0.42 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 115 | Technology in writing | 0.42 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 116 | Technology with college students | 0.42 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 117 | Self-concept | 0.41 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 118 | Professional development | 0.41 | Teacher | Teacher education |
| 119 | Creativity and achievement | 0.4 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 120 | Goal commitment | 0.4 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 121 | Cooperative learning | 0.4 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 122 | Inquiry based teaching | 0.4 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 123 | After school programs | 0.4 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using out of school learning |
| 124 | Social skills programs | 0.39 | Curricula | Play Programs |
| 125 | Prior - to adult performance | 0.38 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 126 | Drama/Arts programs | 0.38 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 127 | Career Interventions | 0.38 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 128 | Music based programs | 0.37 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 129 | Worked examples | 0.37 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Success Criteria |
| 130 | Mobile phones | 0.37 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 131 | Bilingual programs | 0.36 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 132 | Student centered teaching | 0.36 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Student focused interventions |
| 133 | Attitude to content domains | 0.35 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 134 | Counseling effects | 0.35 | School | Other school effects |
| 135 | Classroom management | 0.35 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 136 | Gaming/ simulations | 0.35 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 137 | Chess | 0.34 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 138 | Motivation/ character programs | 0.34 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 139 | Decreasing disruptive behavior | 0.34 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 140 | Collaborative learning | 0.34 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 141 | Teaching creative thinking | 0.34 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations that emphasize school-wide teaching strategies |
| 142 | Stereotype threat | 0.33 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 143 | Head start programs | 0.33 | School | Pre-school experiences |
| 144 | Technology in mathematics | 0.33 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 145 | Drugs | 0.32 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 146 | Principals/ School leaders | 0.32 | School | Leadership |
| 147 | School climate | 0.32 | School | Leadership |
| 148 | Teacher effects | 0.32 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 149 | Adjunct aids | 0.32 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 150 | External accountability systems | 0.31 | School | School resourcing |
| 151 | Matching style of learning | 0.31 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Student focused interventions |
| 152 | Manipulative materials on math | 0.3 | Curricula | Math and Sciences |
| 153 | Ability grouping for gifted students | 0.3 | Classroom | School curricula for gifted students |
| 154 | Teaching test taking and coaching | 0.3 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 155 | Technology with high school students | 0.3 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 156 | Mindfulness | 0.29 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 157 | Different types of early intervention | 0.29 | School | Pre-school experiences |
| 158 | Home visiting | 0.29 | Home | Family dynamics |
| 159 | Cognitive behavioural programs | 0.29 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 160 | Online, digital tools | 0.29 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 161 | Technology in Reading/Literacy | 0.29 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 162 | Homework | 0.29 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using out of school learning |
| 163 | Desegregation | 0.28 | School | School compositional effects |
| 164 | Comprehensive Teaching Reforms | 0.28 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations that emphasize school-wide teaching strategies |
| 165 | Use of calculators | 0.27 | Curricula | Math and Sciences |
| 166 | Early Intervention in the home | 0.27 | School | Pre-school experiences |
| 167 | Mainstreaming | 0.27 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 168 | Personality | 0.26 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 169 | Exercise/Relaxation | 0.26 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 170 | Illness (lack of) | 0.26 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 171 | Pre school programs | 0.26 | School | Pre-school experiences |
| 172 | Out of school curricula experiences | 0.26 | School | School compositional effects |
| 173 | Volunteer tutors | 0.26 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Strategies emphasizing student perspectives in learning |
| 174 | Problem based learning | 0.26 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 175 | Use of PowerPoint | 0.26 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 176 | Grit/ Incremental vs, entity thinking | 0.25 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 177 | Adopted children | 0.25 | Home | Family structure |
| 178 | Religious Schools | 0.24 | School | Types of school |
| 179 | Competitive vs. individualistic learning | 0.24 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 180 | Summer school | 0.23 | School | Types of school |
| 181 | Divorced or remarriage | 0.23 | Home | Family structure |
| 182 | Teacher personality | 0.23 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 183 | Individualized instruction | 0.23 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Student focused interventions |
| 184 | Programmed instruction | 0.23 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 185 | Technology in science | 0.23 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 186 | Teacher verbal ability | 0.22 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 187 | Clickers | 0.22 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 188 | Visual/Audio-visual methods | 0.22 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 189 | Finances | 0.21 | School | School resourcing |
| 190 | Class size | 0.21 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 191 | Interleaved practice | 0.21 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Learning strategies |
| 192 | Discovery based teaching | 0.21 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 193 | Technology in small groups | 0.21 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 194 | Special College programs | 0.21 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations that emphasize school-wide teaching strategies |
| 195 | Extra-curricula programs | 0.2 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 196 | Fathers | 0.2 | Home | Family structure |
| 197 | Aptitude/treatment interactions | 0.19 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Student focused interventions |
| 198 | Learning hierarchies | 0.19 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Learning Intentions |
| 199 | Co-/ Team teaching | 0.19 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations that emphasize school-wide teaching strategies |
| 200 | Within class grouping | 0.18 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 201 | Web based learning | 0.18 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 202 | Lack of stress | 0.17 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 203 | Other family structure | 0.16 | Home | Family structure |
| 204 | One on one laptops | 0.16 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 205 | Home-school programs | 0.16 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using out of school learning |
| 206 | Sentence Combining programs | 0.15 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 207 | Parental autonomy support | 0.15 | Home | Family dynamics |
| 208 | Distance Education | 0.13 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using out of school learning |
| 209 | Morning vs, eveningness | 0.12 | Student | Beliefs, Attitudes and Dispositions |
| 210 | Ethnicity | 0.12 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 211 | Juvenile delinquent programs | 0.12 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 212 | School choice | 0.12 | School | School compositional effects |
| 213 | Ability grouping | 0.12 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 214 | Mentoring | 0.12 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 215 | Teacher education | 0.12 | Teacher | Teacher education |
| 216 | Types of testing | 0.12 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Strategies emphasizing Feedback |
| 217 | Teacher subject matter knowledge | 0.11 | Teacher | Teacher education |
| 218 | Diversity of students | 0.1 | School | School compositional effects |
| 219 | Background music | 0.1 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 220 | Diversity courses | 0.09 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 221 | School calendars/timetables | 0.09 | School | Other school effects |
| 222 | Charter Schools | 0.09 | School | Types of school |
| 223 | Detracking | 0.09 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 224 | Gender on achievement | 0.08 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 225 | Perceptual-Motor programs | 0.08 | Curricula | Other curricula programs |
| 226 | Single sex schools | 0.08 | School | Types of school |
| 227 | Middle schools interventions | 0.08 | School | School compositional effects |
| 228 | Mastery goals | 0.06 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 229 | Whole language | 0.06 | Curricula | Reading, Writing, and the Arts |
| 230 | College halls of residence | 0.05 | School | School compositional effects |
| 231 | Teacher performance pay | 0.05 | Teacher | Teacher attributes |
| 232 | Breastfeeding | 0.04 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 233 | Multi-grade/age classes | 0.04 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 234 | Humour | 0.04 | Teaching - Focus on teaching/instructional strategies | Teaching/Instructional strategies |
| 235 | Parental employment | 0.03 | Home | Family resources |
| 236 | Student control over learning | 0.02 | Teaching - Focus on student learning strategies | Student focused interventions |
| 237 | Immigrant status | 0.01 | Home | Family resources |
| 238 | Open vs. Traditional | 0.01 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 239 | Technology in distance education | 0.01 | Teaching: Focus on implementation method | Implementations using technologies |
| 240 | Performance goals | -0.01 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 241 | Summer vacation effect | -0.02 | School | Types of school |
| 242 | Sleep | -0.05 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 243 | Surface motivation and approach | -0.11 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 244 | Welfare Policies | -0.12 | Home | Family resources |
| 245 | Military deployment | -0.16 | School | School compositional effects |
| 246 | Television | -0.18 | Home | Family dynamics |
| 247 | Not being liked in class | -0.19 | Classroom | Classroom influences |
| 248 | Suspension/ Expelling students | -0.2 | School | Other school effects |
| 249 | Non-standard dialect use | -0.29 | Student | Prior knowledge and background |
| 250 | Retention | -0.32 | Classroom | Classroom composition effects |
| 251 | Corporal punishment in the home | -0.33 | Home | Family dynamics |
| 252 | Mobility | -0.34 | School | School compositional effects |
| 253 | Depression | -0.36 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 254 | Boredom | -0.49 | Student | Motivational approach, orientation |
| 255 | Deafness | -0.61 | Student | Physical Influences |
| 256 | ADHD | -0.9 | Student | Physical Influences |